| Intracranial pressure |
3.7-4.4 mm Hg |
High |
Too much trauma to the brain. Start again. |
|
|
Low |
Stop potential leak of cerebrospinal fluid.
|
| Arterial blood pressureb |
150/90 mm Hg |
High |
Encourage urination by massaging bladder, or increase anestheticc dose (if under-anesthetized).
|
|
|
Low |
Increase blood volume by injecting saline, or decrease anestheticc dose (if over-anesthetized).
|
| Temperature |
37°C-38°C |
Low |
Use hand warmer, hair dryer or heat lamp.
|
| Respiratory pressure |
10-15 cm H2O
|
High |
Check for obstruction of the tracheal tube or decrease the flow rate. |
|
|
Low |
Increase the flow rate.
|
pHd
|
7.35-7.45 |
Low |
Administer sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) (IV) according to base excess (ABEc): If ABEc < -5 mmol/L, then administer a number of mL of 1 M NaHCO3 equal to (|ABEc|/10).
|
| Heart rate |
320-450 bpm |
High |
Increase anestheticc dose.
|
|
|
Low |
Decrease anestheticc dose.
|
| Oxygen saturation |
96%-99% |
Low |
Increase the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) or decrease anestheticc dose.
|
| pCO2 |
30-36 mm Hg |
High |
Increase respiratory rate. |
|
|
Low |
Decrease respiratory rate. |
| aTypical values are found in Waynforth and Flecknell (1994), Flecknell (1996), Hutchinson et al. (2006), and Nagra et al. (2009).
|
| bAbsolute range of arterial blood pressure depends on the level of anesthesia.
|
| cAssuming a halogenated anesthetic (e.g., isoflurane).
|
| dAs measured by arterial blood gas analysis.
|
