Table 2.
Fluorescent reporters for monitoring autophagy in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
| Protein | Function | Tissue expressiona | Transgenesb | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LGG-1 | Microtubule-associated protein-1/ubiquitin-like protein | Intestine, hypodermis, muscle, pharynx, neurons, vulva, somatic gonad, germline | adIs2122[Plgg-1::GFP::LGG-1; rol-6(su1006)] izEx1[Plgg-1::GFP::LGG-1; rol-6(su1006)] izEx5[Plgg-1::GFP::LGG-1; Podr-1::RFP] vkEx1093[Pnhx-2::mCherry::LGG-1] dkIs399[Ppie-1::GFP::lgg-1, unc-119 (+)] Is(Ppie-1::GFP::mCherry::LGG-1; unc-119(+)) Ex[Plgg-1::DsRED::LGG-1; Pmyo-2::GFP] |
Meléndez et al. (2003); Kang et al. (2007); Samara et al. (2008); Gosai et al. (2010); Manil-Segalen et al. (2014) |
| LGG-2 | Ubiquitin-like protein | Hypodermis, intestine, vulva, pharynx, neurons, muscle | RD108 Ex[Plgg-2::GFP::LGG-2; rol-6(su1006)] RD217 unc119(ed3)III; Ex[unc-119(+); Ppie-1::gfp::mcherry::lgg-1] VIG9 unc119(ed3)III; Is[unc-119(+); Plgg-2::gfp::lgg-2] |
Alberti et al. (2010); Manil-Segalen et al. (2014) |
| DFCP1 | Double FYVE-containing protein | Head, tail, vulva, neurons | bpIs168[Pnfya-1::DFCP1::GFP; unc-76(+)] | Derubeis et al. (2000); Cheung et al. (2001); Axe et al. (2008); Tian et al. (2010) |
| ATG-16.1 | WD repeat-containing protein | Intestine, head, pharynx, muscle, neurons | [Patg-16.1::ATG-16.1::GFP; rol-6(su10006)] | Zhang et al. (2013) |
| ATG-16.2 | WD repeat-containing protein | Intestine, head, pharynx, muscle, neurons | [Patg-16.2::ATG-16.2::GFP; rol-6(su10006)] | Zhang et al. (2013) |
| ATG-9 | Integral membrane protein | Head, tail, vulva, neurons | bpIs211[Pnfya-1::ATG-9::GFP; unc-76(+)] | Noda et al. (2000); Lu et al. (2011); Liang et al. (2012); Lin et al. (2013) |
| EPG-1 | Atg13 homolog | Neurons, pharynx, muscle | bpIs175[Pepg-1::EPG-1::GFP; rol-6(su1006)] | Tian et al. (2009) |
| EPG-9 | Atg101 homolog | Intestine, pharynx, neurons | bpIs214[Pepg-9::EPG-9::GFP; unc-76(+)] | Liang et al. (2012) |
| BEC-1 | Coiled-coil protein | Intestine, hypodermis, vulva, neurons, somatic gonad | swEx520 [Pbec-1::BEC-1::GFP; rol-6(su1006)] grEx129[ Pbec-1::BEC-1::mRFP; lin-15(+)] Ex[Pced-1::mCherry::BEC-1; rol-6(su1006)] Ex[Pegl1-::mCherry::BEC-1; rol-6(su1006)] |
Takacs-Vellai et al. (2005); Rowland et al. (2006); Ruck et al. (2011); Huang et al. (2012) |
| SQST-1 | p62/autophagy adaptor protein | Hypodermis, neurons, intestine, vulva, muscle | bpIs151[Psqst-1::SQST-1::GFP; unc-76(+)] | Hunt-Newbury et al. (2007); Pankiv et al. (2007); Tian et al. (2010) |
| SEPA-1 | Autophagy adaptor protein | Intestine, head, tail | bpIs131[Psepa-1::SEPA-1::GFP; unc-76(+)] | Zhang et al. (2009); Tian et al. (2010) |
| PGL-1 | RNA-binding protein/P-granule component | P-granules, intestine | bnIs1[Ppie-1::GFP::PGL-1; unc-119(+)] bnIs26[Pelt-2::PGL-1::GFP; Pmyo-2::mCherry] |
Cheeks et al. (2004); Zhang et al. (2009); Updike et al. (2011) |
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aTissue expression can vary depending on the specific promoter used.
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bThe transgenes shown are those found in autophagy studies or those that might be beneficial in autophagy studies; additional transgenes might be available for each gene.
